Cancer is a genetic disorder in which the information in cellular DNA is distorted, resulting in aberrant gene expression patterns. As a result, normal genes that control normal cellular processes like growth, survival, and invasion/motility are amplified, whereas genes that inhibit these effects are suppressed. Although non-mutational (epigenetic) alterations produced by mechanisms such as DNA methylation are becoming recognized as crucial to the process, the accumulation of mutations is the major mechanism of alteration. The so-called hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer are basic alterations in biological processes within cancer cells caused by abnormal gene expression. Eight distinct hallmarks and two additional so-called enabling traits can be used to understand cancer's biological behavior. In cancer medicine, a better understanding of the biological basis of these processes has transformed diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
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Title : Deubiquitylase USP31 induces autophagy and promotes the progression in lung squamous cell carcinoma cells by stabilizing E2F1 expression
Qian Zhang, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
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Luca Roncati, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Bene Ekine-Afolabi, ZEAB Therapeutic Ltd, United Kingdom
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K.P.Mishra, Asian Association for Radiation Research, India