Genetic Testing and Biomarkers: Use of genetic profiling in risk assessment and targeted therapy.

Genetic testing and biomarkers are reshaping cancer care through risk stratification and precision medicine. Advances in genetic profiling enable the identification of hereditary cancer syndromes, guiding preventive measures and early interventions. Biomarkers such as PD-L1, HER2, and EGFR are integral to targeted therapies, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. Liquid biopsy and genomic sequencing provide real-time monitoring of cancer progression and treatment response. Research focuses on discovering novel biomarkers and expanding the utility of genetic testing, making cancer care more individualized and effective.