Abstract
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Protein expression methods are fundamental to clinical cancer research where they are used to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that facilitate patient management. These methods can be applied to fluid and tissue samples which may have been embedded and stored for several years. Traditional immunologic-based techniques performed on cancer tissue sections such as immunohistochemistry have been revolutionized with the development of tissue immunofluorescence, multiplex labeling and multiple-tissue microarray blocks. Tissue microarray sections allow for simultaneous detection of single or multiple protein analytes on a single a slide reducing reagent costs and minimizing inter-run variability. Immunohistochemistry has played a valuable role in precision medicine with the rapid detection of diagnostic or prognostic growth factors and other molecules on tissue sections. Multiplex immunohistochemistry allows detection of multiple targets on a single slide thus maximizing the benefit from scarce tissue specimens. Several multiplex techniques have been developed accompanied by powerful imaging and analytical tools that can provide information on tens of biomarkers at the same time. Further innovations include the recent development of mass spectrometry techniques that can be combined with tissue histology and immunohistochemistry. High throughput integrated system of digital barcoding technology and molecular sequencing allows for morphologic-based spatial identification and profiling of proteins on tissue sections. Proteomic spatial profiling enables the identification and analysis of hundreds of protein analytes contributing valuable information on expression of diagnostic and prognostic proteins in the tumor cells as well as the microenvironmenmt. Spatial biology has ushered in a new era of cancer tissue proteomics offering a more practical solution for drug development in cancer.
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